PhilPapers Survey 2020

r: -0.18	Practical reason: Humean
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	40	159
Reject	194	327

n: 720

p < 0.0001

r: 0.18	Normative ethics: virtue ethics
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	204	142
Reject	380	617

n: 1343

p < 0.0001

r: 0.17	Gender: psychological
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	114	221
Reject	195	767

n: 1297

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Practical reason: Aristotelian
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	116	83
Reject	202	319

n: 720

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Response to external-world skepticism: pragmatic
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	68	117
Reject	117	447

n: 749

p < 0.0001

r: -0.16	Temporal ontology: eternalism
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	42	103
Reject	210	227

n: 582

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Values in science: necessarily value-laden
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	132	95
Reject	247	339

n: 813

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Gender: social
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	273	65
Reject	643	326

n: 1307

p < 0.0001

r: 0.15	Propositional attitudes: phenomenal
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	23	128
Reject	26	457

n: 634

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	Law: legal positivism
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	43	101
Reject	154	212

n: 510

p: 0.0009

r: -0.15	Values in science: necessarily value-free
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	26	201
Reject	127	459

n: 813

p < 0.0001

r: 0.14	Properties: immanent universals
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	49	100
Reject	99	363

n: 611

p: 0.0003

r: 0.14	Meaning of life: objective
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	165	145
Reject	336	579

n: 1225

p < 0.0001

r: 0.14	Principle of sufficient reason: true
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	103	112
Reject	207	362

n: 784

p < 0.0001

r: 0.14	Race: social
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	258	80
Reject	656	317

n: 1311

p < 0.0001

r: 0.13	Cosmological fine-tuning: design
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	46	118
Reject	79	412

n: 655

p: 0.0005

r: 0.13	External world: idealism
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	44	314
Reject	62	1018

n: 1438

p < 0.0001

r: 0.13	God: theism
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	102	262
Reject	193	893

n: 1450

p < 0.0001

r: 0.13	Consciousness: dualism
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	68	127
Reject	137	457

n: 789

p: 0.0003

r: 0.13	Truth: epistemic
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	49	281
Reject	111	867

n: 1308

p < 0.0001

r: 0.13	Temporal ontology: presentism
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	41	104
Reject	81	356

n: 582

p: 0.0023

r: 0.12	Personal identity: further-fact view
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	73	234
Reject	146	730

n: 1183

p < 0.0001

r: -0.12	Mind: physicalism
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	163	178
Reject	631	402

n: 1374

p < 0.0001

r: 0.11	Interlevel metaphysics: realization
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	39	93
Reject	100	329

n: 561

p: 0.0078

r: 0.11	Well-being: objective list
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	137	62
Reject	324	231

n: 754

p: 0.0021

r: 0.11	Response to external-world skepticism: contextualist
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	27	151
Reject	57	503

n: 738

p: 0.0025

r: 0.11	Aesthetic experience: sui generis
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	70	72
Reject	158	229

n: 529

p: 0.0107

r: 0.11	Properties: transcendent universals
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	40	109
Reject	97	366

n: 612

p: 0.0064

r: 0.11	Morality: non-naturalism
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	90	137
Reject	155	454

n: 836

p: 0.0015

r: 0.11	True contradictions: actual
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	33	160
Reject	67	498

n: 758

p: 0.0025

r: 0.11	Gender categories: revise
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	135	82
Reject	303	278

n: 798

p: 0.0022

r: 0.11	Moral judgment: cognitivism
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	284	71
Reject	719	281

n: 1355

p < 0.0001

r: 0.11	Meta-ethics: moral realism
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	267	91
Reject	678	362

n: 1398

p < 0.0001

r: 0.11	Interlevel metaphysics: supervenience
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	43	91
Reject	115	314

n: 563

p: 0.0111

r: 0.11	Temporal ontology: growing block
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	34	110
Reject	75	361

n: 580

p: 0.0108

r: 0.1	Causation: process/production
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	57	120
Reject	128	416

n: 721

p: 0.0054

r: 0.1	Foundations of mathematics: structuralism
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	27	82
Reject	80	280

n: 469

p: 0.0251

r: 0.1	Free will: libertarianism
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	103	263
Reject	198	873

n: 1437

p < 0.0001

r: 0.1	Propositional attitudes: nonexistent
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	7	143
Reject	11	469

n: 630

p: 0.0104

r: -0.1	Political philosophy: libertarianism
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	32	278
Reject	149	723

n: 1182

p: 0.0005

r: -0.1	Consciousness: functionalism
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	62	133
Reject	239	357

n: 791

p: 0.0071

r: 0.09	Propositional attitudes: dispositional
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	63	92
Reject	162	327

n: 644

p: 0.0168

r: 0.09	Propositions: acts
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	21	133
Reject	41	431

n: 626

p: 0.0186

r: 0.09	Grounds of intentionality: primitive
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	28	112
Reject	59	377

n: 576

p: 0.0244

r: 0.09	Knowledge claims: relativism
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	24	280
Reject	46	853

n: 1203

p: 0.0012

r: -0.09	Meaning of life: nonexistent
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	42	264
Reject	197	710

n: 1213

p: 0.0012

r: -0.09	Human genetic engineering: permissible
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	138	86
Reject	455	179

n: 858

p: 0.0065

r: 0.09	Vagueness: metaphysical
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	69	205
Reject	194	698

n: 1166

p: 0.0015

r: 0.09	Time: A-theory
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	77	119
Reject	200	447

n: 843

p: 0.0105

r: 0.09	Hard problem of consciousness: yes
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	146	66
Reject	411	217

n: 840

p: 0.0114

r: -0.09	Gender categories: preserve
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	42	172
Reject	139	442

n: 795

p: 0.0154

r: 0.08	Perceptual experience: disjunctivism
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	49	189
Reject	137	636

n: 1011

p: 0.0077

r: -0.08	Politics: capitalism
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	57	148
Reject	222	389

n: 816

p: 0.0189

r: 0.08	Belief or credence: neither
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	35	118
Reject	93	388

n: 634

p: 0.0388

r: 0.08	Normative concepts: reasons
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	56	118
Reject	138	348

n: 660

p: 0.0364

r: 0.08	Newcomb's problem: one box
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	73	121
Reject	212	431

n: 837

p: 0.0189

r: 0.08	Aesthetic value: objective
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	185	152
Reject	470	506

n: 1313

p: 0.0034

r: 0.08	Eating animals and animal products: veganism (no and no)
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	86	286
Reject	196	872

n: 1440

p: 0.0023

r: 0.08	Semantic content: radical contextualism (most or all)
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	50	108
Reject	121	362

n: 641

p: 0.0428

r: 0.08	Analysis of knowledge: justified true belief
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	74	147
Reject	144	475

n: 840

p: 0.0208

r: -0.08	Metaphilosophy: naturalism
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	162	149
Reject	524	355

n: 1190

p: 0.006

r: -0.08	Propositional attitudes: representational
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	65	89
Reject	262	227

n: 643

p: 0.0443

r: -0.08	Science: scientific realism
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	255	80
Reject	825	207

n: 1367

p: 0.0037

r: 0.08	Philosophical methods: conceptual engineering
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	171	204
Reject	419	650

n: 1444

p: 0.0032

r: -0.08	Capital punishment: permissible
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	40	209
Reject	131	550

n: 930

p: 0.0187

r: 0.08	Perceptual experience: qualia theory
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	50	188
Reject	131	641

n: 1010

p: 0.0144

r: -0.08	Consciousness: eliminativism
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	6	188
Reject	35	560

n: 789

p: 0.0314

r: -0.08	Footbridge: push
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	60	272
Reject	271	723

n: 1326

p: 0.0058

r: -0.07	Other minds: future AI systems
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	90	153
Reject	293	387

n: 923

p: 0.0234

r: -0.07	Morality: error theory
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	6	220
Reject	37	571

n: 834

p: 0.0332

r: 0.07	Perceptual experience: sense-datum theory
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	18	221
Reject	38	731

n: 1008

p: 0.0196

r: 0.07	Normative ethics: deontology
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	153	193
Reject	340	656

n: 1342

p: 0.0072

r: -0.07	Analysis of knowledge: no analysis
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	53	168
Reject	219	399

n: 839

p: 0.0341

r: 0.07	Other minds: plants
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	21	222
Reject	44	636

n: 923

p: 0.0264

r: 0.07	Political philosophy: communitarianism
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	136	176
Reject	253	618

n: 1183

p: 0.0135

r: 0.07	Zombies: metaphysically possible
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	98	222
Reject	252	699

n: 1271

p: 0.0113

r: 0.07	Philosophical methods: experimental philosophy
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	147	228
Reject	353	716

n: 1444

p: 0.0077

r: -0.07	Abortion: permissible
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	205	53
Reject	589	102

n: 949

p: 0.032

r: 0.07	Gender: unreal
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	20	288
Reject	32	889

n: 1229

p: 0.0155

r: -0.07	Morality: expressivism
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	14	211
Reject	79	533

n: 837

p: 0.0491

r: 0.07	Vagueness: epistemic
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	77	203
Reject	228	662

n: 1170

p: 0.0215

r: 0.06	Proper names: Fregean
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	102	140
Reject	295	459

n: 996

p: 0.0433

r: -0.06	External world: non-skeptical realism
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	295	62
Reject	932	146

n: 1435

p: 0.0155

r: -0.06	Philosophical methods: formal philosophy
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	197	178
Reject	634	435

n: 1444

p: 0.0231

r: -0.06	Experience machine: yes
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	42	307
Reject	153	850

n: 1352

p: 0.0309

r: 0.06	Mental content: internalism
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	99	195
Reject	254	650

n: 1198

p: 0.045

r: -0.05	Free will: no free will
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Accept	Reject
Accept	34	331
Reject	147	926

n: 1438

p: 0.0461

r: 0.13	Philosopher: Wollstonecraft
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Yes	No
Accept	8	290
Reject	1	825

n: 1124

p < 0.0001

r: 0.11	AOS: Feminist Philosophy
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Yes	No
Accept	34	357
Reject	39	1076

n: 1506

p < 0.0001

r: 0.11	AOS: Normative Ethics
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Yes	No
Accept	111	280
Reject	201	914

n: 1506

p < 0.0001

r: 0.11	AOS: Applied Ethics
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Yes	No
Accept	79	312
Reject	122	993

n: 1506

p < 0.0001

r: 0.11	AOS: Social and Political Philosophy
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Yes	No
Accept	94	297
Reject	162	953

n: 1506

p < 0.0001

r: 0.1	Philosopher: Augustine
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Yes	No
Accept	12	286
Reject	10	816

n: 1124

p: 0.0006

r: -0.09	Tradition: Analytic
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Yes	No
Accept	293	91
Reject	946	158

n: 1488

p: 0.0004

r: -0.09	AOS: Logic and Philosophy of Logic
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Yes	No
Accept	22	369
Reject	112	1003

n: 1506

p: 0.0006

r: 0.09	Other demographics: YOB
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Yes	No
Accept	185	179
Reject	466	589

n: 1419

p: 0.0011

r: 0.09	Philosopher: Foucault
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Yes	No
Accept	12	286
Reject	10	816

n: 1124

p: 0.0043

r: 0.08	Philosopher: Arendt
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Yes	No
Accept	9	289
Reject	7	819

n: 1124

p: 0.0048

r: -0.08	Region of nationality: Europe
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Yes	No
Accept	62	307
Reject	239	821

n: 1429

p: 0.0015

r: 0.08	Philosopher: Beauvoir
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Yes	No
Accept	13	285
Reject	11	815

n: 1124

p: 0.0053

r: 0.08	Tradition: Other tradition
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Yes	No
Accept	55	329
Reject	91	1013

n: 1488

p: 0.002

r: 0.08	Region of nationality: United States
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Yes	No
Accept	209	160
Reject	524	536

n: 1429

p: 0.0034

r: 0.08	Gender: female
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Yes	No
Accept	101	293
Reject	216	897

n: 1507

p: 0.0027

r: 0.08	AOS: Philosophy of Gender, Race, and Sexuality
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Yes	No
Accept	22	369
Reject	26	1089

n: 1506

p: 0.0035

r: -0.07	Philosopher: Hume
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Yes	No
Accept	37	261
Reject	157	669

n: 1124

p: 0.0127

r: -0.07	Gender: male
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Yes	No
Accept	292	102
Reject	891	222

n: 1507

p: 0.0045

r: 0.07	Philosopher: Socrates
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Yes	No
Accept	20	278
Reject	26	800

n: 1124

p: 0.0143

r: -0.07	Philosopher: Lewis
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Yes	No
Accept	15	283
Reject	87	739

n: 1124

p: 0.0184

r: 0.07	AOS: Ancient Greek and Roman Philosophy
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Yes	No
Accept	34	357
Reject	54	1061

n: 1506

p: 0.0066

r: 0.07	Philosopher: Aristotle
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Yes	No
Accept	72	226
Reject	146	680

n: 1124

p: 0.0242

r: 0.07	AOS: 19th Century Philosophy
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Yes	No
Accept	33	358
Reject	48	1067

n: 1506

p: 0.0112

r: 0.06	Philosopher: Plato
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Yes	No
Accept	25	273
Reject	45	781

n: 1124

p: 0.0329

r: -0.06	Philosopher: Frege
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Yes	No
Accept	15	283
Reject	71	755

n: 1124

p: 0.0349

r: 0.06	AOS: Medieval and Renaissance Philosophy
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Yes	No
Accept	19	372
Reject	30	1085

n: 1506

p: 0.0178

r: 0.06	Philosopher: Merleau-Ponty
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Yes	No
Accept	11	287
Reject	16	810

n: 1124

p: 0.0455

r: 0.06	AOS: Continental Philosophy
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Yes	No
Accept	30	361
Reject	51	1064

n: 1506

p: 0.0313

r: -0.05	Region of affiliation: Europe
Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice	Yes	No
Accept	55	342
Reject	193	943

n: 1533

p: 0.0408

Survey Results

Correlations

Strongest correlations with philosophical questions

Strongest correlations with demographic questions